Azeotrope Definition and Examples

Azeotrope Definition and Examples An azeotrope is a mixture of liquids that maintains its composition and boiling point during distillation. It is also known as an azeotropic mixture or constant boiling point mixture. Azeotropy occurs when a mixture is boiled to produce a vapor that has the same composition as the liquid. The term is derived by combining the prefix a, meaning no, and the Greek words for boiling and turning. The word was first used in a publication by English chemists John Wade (1864–1912) and Richard William Merriman in 1911. In contrast, mixtures of liquids that do not form an azeotrope under any conditions are called zeotropic. Types of Azeotropes Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents, miscibility, or boiling points: Number of Constituents: If an azeotrope consists of two liquids, it is known as a binary azeotrope. An azeotrope consisting of three liquids is a ternary azeotropes. There are also azeotropes made of more than three constituents.Heterogeneous or Homogeneous: Homogeneous azeotropes consist of liquids that are miscible. They form a solution. Heterogeneous azeotropes are incompletely miscible and form two liquid phases.Positive or Negative: A positive azeotrope or minimum-boiling azeotrope forms when the boiling point of the mixture is lower than that of any of its constituents. A negative azeotrope or maximum-boiling azeotrope forms when the boiling point of the mixture is higher than that of any of its constituents. Examples Boiling a 95% ethanol solution in water will produce a vapor that is 95% ethanol. Distillation cannot be used to obtain higher percentages of ethanol. Alcohol and water are miscible, so any quantity of ethanol can be mixed with any quantity to prepare a homogeneous solution that behaves like an azeotrope. Chloroform and water, on the other hand, form a heteroazeotrope. A mixture of these two liquids will separate, forming a top layer consisting mostly of water with a small amount of dissolved chloroform and a bottom layer consisting mostly of chloroform with a small amount of dissolved water. If the two layers are boiled together, the liquid will boil at a lower temperature than either the boiling point of water or of chloroform. The resulting vapor will consist of 97% chloroform and 3% water, regardless of the ratio in the liquids. Condensing this vapor will result in layers that exhibit a fixed composition. The top layer of the condensate will account for 4.4% of the volume, while the bottom layer will account for 95.6% of the mixture. Azeotrope Separation Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an azeotrope, other methods must be employed: Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of a mixture to enrich the distillate with the desired component.Another technique involves the addition of an entrainer, a substance that alters the volatility of one of the azeotrope components. In some cases, the entrainer reacts with a component to form a nonvolatile compound. Distillation using an entrainer is called azeotropic distillation.Pervaporation involves separating components using a membrane that is more permeable to one constituent than the other. Vapor permeation is a related technique, using a membrane more permeable to the vapor phase of one component than another. Source Wade, John, and Richard William Merriman. CIV.- Influence of Water on the Boiling Point of Ethyl Alcohol at Pressures above and Below the Atmospheric Pressure. Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 99.0 (1911): 997–1011. Print.

Ethics in Human Resource Management Essay Sample

Ethics in Human Resource Management Essay Sample Ethics in Human Resource Management Essay Human resource management is the process wherein a company decides to maintain the productive environment of their institution by means of training the performance of their employees. The purpose of human resource management is to improve the productivity and the quality of service by the employees. This can be done through training procedures to ensure that the skills and knowledge of the employees become competitive than the previous years or months. The manager of the human resource manager is responsible for formulating training modules and seminar workshops to ensure that the validity of training and skills development becomes efficient and accurate. The ethical responsibility of human resource management is the designation of managers to ensure that their employee’s performance improves without limiting their basic human rights of the stakeholders. The ethical responsibilities of human resource manager are to identify the most appropriate procedure applied to the implementation of skills development. The reason behind is to stimulate the functionality of the stakeholder to render their responsibilities efficiently and accurately on a regular basis. Human resource management should consider the rights and values of the involved personnel such as their dignity, demographical association, and their belief. This is because every person has the right to be treated with respect, despite from their position in the operating institution. Human resource managers should be always sensitive when considering the rights of their employees to ensure that safety is always applied that prevents any forms of harassment or discrimination within the workplace. As a manager, it is always important to ensure the dignity and values of employees because it plays an important role secure an equal working environment within the workplace. Leadership style is one of the most associated factors of human resource management. The treatment of managers within the workplace commits with the ethical foundations and fundamentals as initiated by the managers. The degree of skill of each employee should be assessed because it seeks to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of every employee who are tasked to take part in the association of human resource management goals and objectives. There should be a procedural process applied by the manager to ensure that there is a chronological response with regard to the application of training and assessment for the employees to improve their skill. An example is the consideration of assessment, planning, implementation, intervention, and evaluation, which plays a critical role to ensure that the workplace management aims to improve the skill as well as the knowledge of every employee in the workplace. If the manager fails to accomplish their duties and responsibilities as the manager of the human resource department, they are likely to be transferred to other departments where they function efficiently. If there are violations committed by the managers, it is more likely that they will be terminated from their respective job from the company and may need to seek new endeavors outside the company. This is the reason why managers should consider monitoring the performance of employees in their respective categorical roles in the company. Examples of these are the operations section, service department, marketing, accounting, security, information technology, production, and logistics department. There should be a segregation of responsibilities to ensure that lapses will not be a problem or a challenge in the future for the human resource management department (Radhakrishna Satya Raju, 2015). Reference Radhakrishna, A., Satya Raju, R. (2015). A Study On The Effect Of Human Resource Development On Employment Relations. IUP Journal Of Management Research 14.3: 28-42. Business Source Complete.